Which methods are used to assess body composition beyond BMI?

• A. Skinfold measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and DEXA.
• B. BMI calculation alone.
• C. Calorie intake and dietary recalls.
• D. Waist circumference alone.

Answer: (A)

To understand body composition, you need methods that quantify fat mass and fat-free mass, not just overall body size. Skinfold measurements use calipers at several sites to estimate subcutaneous fat and, with equations, total body fat percentage. Bioelectrical impedance analysis passes a small, harmless current through the body and uses the tissue’s resistance to estimate fat-free mass and fat mass, though results can vary with hydration. DEXA scans use low-dose X-rays to distinguish bone, fat, and lean tissue, providing a precise breakdown of body composition and fat distribution. BMI alone cannot tell how much of the body mass is fat versus muscle, and waist circumference only indicates central fat without giving a full composition picture. Calorie intake and dietary recalls relate to energy balance, not direct body composition. Therefore, the methods listed—skinfold measurements, BIA, and DEXA—are used to assess body composition beyond BMI.